廠拌冷再生三大“門派”

　　Three major "schools" of factory mixed cold recycling

　　隨著我國早期建成的公路陸續進入大中修期，路面維修養護產生的廢舊瀝青混合料處理成為一項嚴峻的環境與資源課題。廠拌冷再生技術作為一種常溫拌和的綠色路面修筑技術，能夠將廢舊瀝青路面銑刨料再生利用，兼具顯著的效益和經濟效益，被交通運輸部列為推廣的低碳新技術一、什么是廠拌冷再生技術？廠拌冷再生就是將舊瀝青路面材料運到拌和廠，經過破碎、篩分后，按照一定比例添加新集料、活性填料、再生結合料和水等材料，在常溫下充分拌和，形成新的再生混合料，再運到施工現場進行攤鋪、碾壓，終形成路面結構層的一種瀝青路面再生技術。簡單來說，就是讓“廢料”變“原料”，實現瀝青路面的循環再利用。

　　With the early construction of highways in China entering the period of major and medium repairs, the disposal of waste asphalt mixture generated from road maintenance and upkeep has become a serious environmental and resource issue. Factory mixed cold recycling technology, as a green pavement construction technology that mixes at room temperature, can efficiently recycle and reuse waste asphalt pavement milling materials, with significant environmental and economic benefits. It has been listed as a key low-carbon, environmentally friendly and energy-saving new technology promoted by the Ministry of Transport. What is factory mixed cold recycling technology? Factory mixed cold recycling is a technology for asphalt pavement recycling that involves transporting old asphalt pavement materials to a mixing plant, crushing and screening them, adding new aggregates, active fillers, recycled binders, and water in a certain proportion, fully mixing them at room temperature to form a new recycled mixture, and then transporting them to the construction site for paving and rolling, ultimately forming a pavement structure layer. Simply put, it means turning "waste" into "raw materials" to achieve the recycling and reuse of asphalt pavement.

　　二、廠拌冷再生的分類

　　2、 Classification of factory mixed cold recycling

　　按照所用結合料的不同，廠拌冷再生又可以分為泡沫瀝青冷再生、乳化瀝青冷再生和水泥冷再生三種方式。泡沫瀝青冷再生：利用高溫瀝青與少量水產生劇烈膨脹，形成大量泡沫狀瀝青，在常溫下裹覆舊料和集料。乳化瀝青冷再生：將瀝青加熱后通過機械剪切分散到含有乳化劑的水中，形成常溫可流動的乳白色液體，與舊料拌和。水泥穩定冷再生：直接添加水泥和水，依靠水泥水化產生強度，本質上是一種半剛性基層材料。三者雖然都是“冷拌冷鋪”，但成型的原理、材料性質、路用性能天差地別。

　　According to the different binders used, plant mix cold recycling can be divided into three modes: foam asphalt cold recycling, emulsified asphalt cold recycling and cement cold recycling. Cold recycling of foam asphalt: use high temperature asphalt and a small amount of water to produce violent expansion, form a large amount of foam asphalt, and wrap old materials and aggregates at room temperature. Emulsified asphalt cold regeneration: After heating, the asphalt is mechanically sheared and dispersed into water containing emulsifiers to form a room temperature flowable milky white liquid, which is mixed with the old material. Cement stabilized cold regeneration: Directly adding cement and water, relying on cement hydration to generate strength, essentially a semi-rigid base material. Although all three are "cold mix and cold lay", their forming principles, material properties, and road performance are vastly different.

　　三、泡沫瀝青冷再生——低調的實力派

　　3、 Cold recycling of foam asphalt -- low-key strength school

　　（1）原理：瞬間“爆炸”的泡沫泡沫瀝青可不是加了發泡劑的洗面奶。它的制備很硬核：將160℃以上的熱瀝青與少量常溫水（約瀝青質量的1%~3%）注入發泡腔，水遇高溫瞬間汽化，瀝青體積急劇膨脹10~20倍，形成無數細小的瀝青泡沫。這些泡沫狀瀝青在破裂瞬間，會像“膠水”一樣選擇性裹附在細集料（主要是0.075mm~2.36mm顆粒）表面，形成“點焊”結構。粗集料則被水泥或礦粉填充，終形成以瀝青粘結為主、水泥水化為輔的復合強度。

　　(1) Principle: instant "explosion" of foam foam asphalt is not facial cleanser with foaming agent. Its preparation is very hard core: hot asphalt above 160 ℃ and a small amount of normal temperature water (about 1%~3% of the asphalt mass) are injected into the foaming chamber. When the water meets the high temperature, it vaporizes instantly, and the asphalt volume expands 10~20 times rapidly, forming numerous small asphalt foam. At the moment of cracking, these foam asphalt will selectively bind to the surface of fine aggregate (mainly 0.075mm~2.36mm particles) like "glue", forming a "spot welding" structure. Coarse aggregate is filled with cement or mineral powder, ultimately forming a composite strength mainly composed of asphalt bonding and supplemented by cement hydration.

　　（2）關鍵特點對舊料要求：對舊料中細顆粒含量（≤0.075mm）有一定要求，通常建議通過率3%~8%以上。強度形成：初期依靠壓實和水泥水化獲得早期強度，后期依靠瀝青泡沫破裂后殘留的瀝青粘結力持續增長。養生時間：常溫下一般養生2~7天即可鋪筑面層。路用性能：抗疲勞性能和抗反射裂縫能力優異，且不怕水（水穩定性好于乳化瀝青）。

　　(2) Key characteristics for old materials: There are certain requirements for the content of fine particles (≤ 0.075mm) in the old materials, and it is usually recommended to have a pass rate of 3% to 8% or more. Strength formation: early strength is obtained by compaction and cement hydration at the initial stage, and the residual asphalt cohesive force after the asphalt foam bursts at the later stage continues to grow. Health preservation time: Generally, the surface layer can be laid after 2-7 days of health preservation at room temperature. Road performance: Excellent fatigue resistance and anti reflection cracking ability, and not afraid of water (better water stability than emulsified asphalt).

　　（3）優點瀝青用量低（通常2.0%~2.8%），比乳化瀝青節省20%~30%成本。早期強度較高，養生時間短。水穩定性好，適用于多雨地區。

　　(3) Advantages: Low asphalt usage (usually 2.0%~2.8%), saving 20%~30% cost compared to emulsified asphalt. Early intensity is high, and the duration of health preservation is short. Good water stability, suitable for rainy areas.

　　（4）缺點需要專門的瀝青發泡設備（一般拌和站可配發泡模塊）。對舊料級配和細料含量敏感，配合比設計要求高。溫度低于10℃時發泡效果變差。

　　(4) The disadvantage requires specialized asphalt foaming equipment (usually mixing stations can be equipped with foaming modules). Sensitive to the grading of old materials and the content of fine materials, with high requirements for mix design. The foaming effect deteriorates when the temperature is below 10 ℃.

　　（5）適用場景高等級公路基層或下面層，尤其是重載交通路段、多雨地區。

　　(5) Suitable for the grassroots or lower layers of high-grade highways, especially for heavy traffic sections and rainy areas.

　　四、乳化瀝青冷再生——溫柔的多面手

　　4、 Emulsified asphalt cold recycling - a gentle and versatile hand

　　（1）原理：水包油的“乳液”乳化瀝青是熱瀝青在高速剪切下，分散到含有乳化劑的水溶液中形成的油水兩相體系，外觀像咖啡加奶后的乳白色液體。它可以在常溫下與舊料拌和。拌和后，水分逐漸蒸發，或者與舊料表面的鈣離子等發生化學反應，導致破乳——瀝青微粒重新聚并、成膜，裹覆在集料表面。同時，通常也會加入少量水泥或礦粉作為活性填料，吸收水分、調節破乳速度。

　　(1) Principle: Oil in water "lotion" emulsified asphalt is an oil-water two-phase system formed by dispersing hot asphalt into aqueous solution containing emulsifier under high-speed shear, and its appearance is like milky white liquid after coffee and milk. It can be mixed with old materials at room temperature. After mixing, the water gradually evaporates or reacts chemically with calcium ions on the surface of the old material, leading to emulsion breaking - the asphalt particles re aggregate and form a film, coating the surface of the aggregate. At the same time, a small amount of cement or mineral powder is usually added as active fillers to absorb moisture and regulate the demulsification rate.

　　（2）關鍵特點對舊料要求：對細顆粒要求比泡沫瀝青寬松，但舊料含水量控制在5%以內。強度形成：以瀝青粘結力為主，水泥水化為輔。早期強度較低，養生時間較長。養生時間：常溫下一般需要養生5~14天才能鋪筑上面層，否則易出現輪轍。路用性能：柔性較好，變形能力佳，但水穩定性相對泡沫瀝青略低。

　　(2) The key features are the requirements for the old material: the requirements for fine particles are looser than those for foam asphalt, but the water content of the old material should preferably be controlled within 5%. Strength formation: mainly based on asphalt adhesion, supplemented by cement hydration. Early intensity is low, and the health preservation time is long. Health preservation time: Generally, it takes 5-14 days of health preservation at room temperature before laying the upper layer, otherwise it is easy to have potholes. Road performance: good flexibility, good deformability, but slightly lower water stability than foam asphalt.

　　（3）優點生產工藝成熟，設備普及率高。與舊料拌和均勻性更好，對舊料含水率和細料適應性更強。施工和易性好，攤鋪后表面更密實。

　　(3) Advantages: Mature production process and high equipment penetration rate. Better uniformity of mixing with old materials, stronger adaptability to moisture content and fine materials of old materials. Good construction and workability, with a denser surface after paving.

　　（4）缺點瀝青用量較高（通常2.5%~3.5%）。早期強度低，開放交通慢，雨季施工風險大。乳化劑成本較高，低溫或高濕環境破乳困難。

　　(4) The disadvantage is that the amount of asphalt used is relatively high (usually 2.5%~3.5%). Early intensity is low, open traffic is slow, and there is a high risk of construction during the rainy season. The cost of emulsifiers is high, and it is difficult to break emulsions in low temperature or high humidity environments.

　　（5）適用場景普通國省干線、低等級公路的基層或下面層，尤其適合舊料品質波動較大、缺乏發泡設備的項目。

　　(5) Suitable for the grassroots or lower layers of ordinary national and provincial highways, as well as low-grade highways, especially for projects with large fluctuations in the quality of old materials and a lack of foaming equipment.

　　五、水泥冷再生——剛硬的大力士

　　5、 Cement cold recycling - a tough strongman

　　（1）原理：純粹的水化反應水泥冷再生就簡單粗暴了：將舊瀝青混合料（RAP）+新集料+水泥+水在常溫下拌和，依靠水泥水化形成強度。瀝青在這里僅僅是“惰性填充物”，不參與粘結作用。實際上，水泥冷再生形成的是一種半剛性基層，與水泥穩定碎石基層類似，只是集料中混入了大量舊瀝青混合料。

　　(1) Principle: Pure hydration reaction, cement cold regeneration is simple and crude: old asphalt mixture (RAP)+new aggregate+cement+water is mixed at room temperature, relying on cement hydration to form strength. Asphalt here is only an "inert filler" and does not participate in bonding. In fact, cement cold recycling forms a semi-rigid base, similar to cement stabilized crushed stone base, except that a large amount of old asphalt mixture is mixed into the aggregate.

　　（2）關鍵特點水泥用量：一般3%~6%，根據目標強度設計。強度形成：純水泥水化，早期強度高，7天無側限抗壓強度可達2.5MPa以上。養生時間：需覆蓋養生7~14天，嚴禁車輛通行。路用性能：剛度大、承載力強，但容易收縮開裂（溫縮、干縮），反射裂縫風險高。

　　(2) Key characteristics: Cement dosage: generally 3%~6%, designed according to the target strength. Strength formation: Pure cement hydration, high early strength, 7-day unconfined compressive strength can reach over 2.5MPa. Health preservation period: It is necessary to cover 7 to 14 days of health preservation, and vehicles are strictly prohibited from passing through. Road performance: high stiffness and strong bearing capacity, but prone to shrinkage and cracking (thermal shrinkage, dry shrinkage), with a high risk of reflective cracking.

　　（3）優點工藝簡單，普通穩定土拌和機即可生產。早期強度高，承載力強。對舊料中瀝青含量和老化程度幾乎無要求。

　　(3) The advantage is that the process is the simplest, and a regular stabilized soil mixer can produce it. High early strength and strong bearing capacity. There are almost no requirements for the asphalt content and aging degree in the old materials.

　　（4）缺點收縮裂縫問題突出，上面層需設較厚的抗裂層。瀝青混合料的彈性特征被完全破壞，廢舊瀝青的“剩余價值”沒有發揮。養生期間必須封閉交通，工期長。

　　(4) The problem of shrinkage cracks is prominent, and a thicker crack resistant layer needs to be installed on the upper layer. The elastic characteristics of asphalt mixture are completely destroyed, and the "residual value" of waste asphalt is not fully utilized. During the period of health preservation, transportation must be closed, and the construction period is long.

　　（5）適用場景低等級公路基層、重載交通場站基層，或作泡沫/乳化瀝青冷再生的下層補強層。一般不用于高等級公路瀝青路面結構層。

　　(5) It is applicable to the base course of low-grade highway, the base course of heavy traffic station, or the lower reinforcing layer of foam/emulsified asphalt cold recycling. It is generally not recommended for use in the structural layer of asphalt pavement on high-grade highways.

　　六、一張表看懂三種技術對比指標泡沫瀝青冷再生乳化瀝青冷再生水泥冷再生結合料泡沫瀝青乳化瀝青水泥瀝青用量2.0%~2.8%2.5%~3.5%0%水泥用量0.5%~1.5%（輔助）0.5%~1.5%（輔助）3%~6%早期強度中等（2~3天可施工）較低（需5天以上）高（3天可上重型）終強度形成瀝青粘結為主瀝青粘結為主水泥水化剛度（回彈模量）600~1200MPa500~1000MPa1200~2000MPa抗裂性能優（柔性）優（柔性）差（脆性）水穩定性優良優（但收縮裂縫易滲水）舊料利用率可≥80%可≥80%可≥80%設備要求需發泡裝置需乳化瀝青生產設備普通拌和設備典型造價中等較高

　　6、 One table to understand the three technical comparison indicators foam asphalt cold recycling emulsified asphalt cold recycling cement cold recycling binder foam asphalt emulsified asphalt cement asphalt consumption 2.0%~2.8% 2.5%~3.5% 0% cement consumption 0.5%~1.5% (auxiliary) 0.5%~1.5% (auxiliary) 3%~6% early strength medium (construction can be carried out in 2~3 days) low (more than 5 days) high (heavy can be carried out in 3 days) final strength forming asphalt bond main asphalt bond main cement hydration stiffness (rebound modulus) 600~1200MPa 500~1000MPa 1200~2000MPa crack resistance excellent (flexible) poor (brittle) water stability excellent (but easy to shrink cracks Water seepage) The utilization rate of old material can be ≥ 80%, ≥ 80%, ≥ 80%. The equipment requires foaming equipment, emulsified asphalt production equipment, and the typical cost of ordinary mixing equipment is medium high and the lowest

　　七、怎么選？記住這三個原則

　　7、 How to choose? Remember these three principles

　　（1）看等級和交通量

　　(1) Check the level and traffic volume

　　高速、一級公路：優先選擇泡沫瀝青冷再生，兼顧強度與抗裂。二級及以下公路：三種都可，經濟性上可考慮水泥冷再生，但必須加抗裂層。

　　High speed and first-class highway: cold recycling of foam asphalt is preferred, and both strength and crack resistance are considered. Second level and below highways: All three types are acceptable. Economically, cement cold recycling can be considered, but a crack resistant layer must be added.

　　（2）看氣候和工期

　　(2) Check the climate and schedule

　　多雨地區、雨季施工：泡沫瀝青或水泥冷再生更穩妥（乳化瀝青破乳困難）。工期緊、需快速開放交通：水泥冷再生早期強度高，但后期裂縫多；泡沫瀝青中等，乳化瀝青慢。

　　Construction in rainy areas and rainy seasons: cold recycling of foam asphalt or cement is more stable (emulsified asphalt demulsification is difficult). The construction period is tight and transportation needs to be opened quickly: cement cold recycling has high strength in the early stage, but there are many cracks in the later stage; Foam asphalt is medium and emulsified asphalt is the slowest.

　　（3）看舊料品質

　　(3) Check the quality of old materials

　　舊料細粉多、級配良好：泡沫瀝青如魚得水。舊料潮濕、級配波動大：乳化瀝青適應性更強。舊料含泥量高或瀝青嚴重老化：水泥冷再生“不挑食”，但浪費了瀝青價值。

　　The old material is rich in fine powder and well graded: foam asphalt is like a fish in water. The old material is damp and the gradation fluctuates greatly: emulsified asphalt has stronger adaptability. High mud content in old materials or severe aging of asphalt: Cement cold recycling is not picky, but it wastes the value of asphalt.

　　八、行業趨勢：泡沫瀝青正在“出圈”

　　8、 Industry trend: foam asphalt is "emerging"

　　近年來，泡沫瀝青廠拌冷再生在江蘇、山東、江西等省份的高速公路養護中得到大力推廣。原因很簡單：它兼具了乳化瀝青的柔性和水泥的早期強度，而且更、更省錢。

　　In recent years, foam asphalt plant mix cold recycling has been vigorously promoted in highway maintenance in Jiangsu, Shandong, Jiangxi and other provinces. The reason is simple: it combines the flexibility of emulsified asphalt with the early strength of cement, and is more environmentally friendly and cost-effective.

　　以G30連霍高速為例，采用粗粒式泡沫瀝青冷再生鋪筑基層12千米，兩年跟蹤檢測顯示，路面無任何反射裂縫，彎沉值穩定，效果優于傳統半剛性基層。

　　Taking G30 Lianhuo Expressway as an example, 12 kilometers of base course is paved with coarse grained foam asphalt cold recycling. Two years of tracking tests show that the pavement has no reflective cracks, and the deflection value is stable, which is better than the traditional semi-rigid base course.

　　而水泥冷再生因為裂縫通病，在高等級公路中的應用正逐步收縮，更多用于底基層或低等級道路。

　　Due to the common problem of cracks, the application of cement cold recycling in high-grade highways is gradually shrinking, and it is more commonly used in subbase or low-grade roads.

　　乳化瀝青冷再生則在城市道路、園區道路等對揚塵和氣味敏感的工程中仍有獨特優勢（泡沫瀝青在發泡時會有短暫瀝青煙）。

　　Cold recycling of emulsified asphalt still has unique advantages in urban roads, park roads and other projects that are sensitive to dust and smell (foam asphalt will have temporary asphalt smoke when foaming).

　　九、寫在

　　9、 Write at the end

　　廠拌冷再生不是“一招鮮”，三種技術各有千秋。選對了，廢料變好路；選錯了，后期裂縫、水損壞讓你頭疼不已。在做技術決策前，一定要做舊料性能檢測和配合比驗證試驗。沒有的技術，只有合適的方案。

　　Factory mixed cold recycling is not a "one trick", each of the three technologies has its own advantages. Choosing the right one, waste becomes a better path; Choosing the wrong one, cracks and water damage in the later stage will give you a headache. Before making technical decisions, it is necessary to conduct performance testing of old materials and mix proportion verification tests. There is no best technology, only the most suitable solution.

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